Blue Card
藍(lán)卡
Part of the Sail training  program in
 (CSSS)
China Sweden Sailing Society
中瑞帆船協(xié)會帆船訓(xùn)練項目的部分內(nèi)容世聯(lián)翻譯公司完成帆船比賽內(nèi)容英文翻譯
 
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INTRODUCTION
簡介
Getting familiarized with the boat and the water
快速熟悉船和水
 
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In order to be able to play golf you must have a Green Card, similarly CSSS offer education to be able to sail, a Blue Card.  This is the entry level to sailing, after this we offer 7 more levels of education, a total of 8 levels:
為了能打高爾夫，你必須擁有一張綠卡；同樣的，CSSS會提供航海方面的知識，即一張藍(lán)卡。這是入門級的航海，此后我們還會提供7個更高級別的培訓(xùn)，共8個層級：
Blue Card 藍(lán)卡
Open water sailor    開闊水面水手
Advanced sailor        高級水手
Offshore sailor 離岸水手
Sail racing, green     帆船比賽，綠卡
Sail racing, red 帆船比賽， 紅卡
Sail racing, black      帆船比賽，黑卡
Match racing   對抗賽
Sailing education with CSSS
CSSS的航海教育
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Objective. The overall objectives of the course is that students should be able to handle the Daytripper sailing boat in daylight and light to moderate winds, (3 – 6 meters of wind, also to dock safely. On this level no Gennaker.
目標(biāo)：課程的總體目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)員學(xué)會在白天，有微風(fēng)至和風(fēng)（風(fēng)速3-6米）的風(fēng)力情況下能夠駕駛Daytripper帆船，并能安全靠岸。此級別不需要不對稱大三角帆）。
Content. Learning basic sailing term. Safety at sea: be able to sail in all wind directions and associated maneuvers, how to stop at a buoy, to dock using the electric engine and man overboard drills. Also to learn how to judge wind and wind direction using the water-ripples. Basic navigation.
內(nèi)容：學(xué)習(xí)基本的駛帆術(shù)語。海上安全：在任何風(fēng)向下都能航行并作相關(guān)演習(xí)；如何在浮標(biāo)位置停泊，以及如何使用電機(jī)靠岸和在救生演習(xí)時停靠碼頭。同時學(xué)習(xí)如何通過水的漣漪來判斷風(fēng)勢和風(fēng)向�；�本的航海術(shù)。
 
Blue Card. Objectives of the course and content
藍(lán)卡- 課程和培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容的目標(biāo)
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When we drive a car we always use seat belts, on water we always wear a life jacket (65), a (PFD) Personal Floating Device. You do not have to know how to swim in order to sail as long as you wear a life jacket. Really, the worst that can happen is that you get wet. During the course you will test this.
開車時，我們總是要系安全帶，而在水上，則需要穿救生衣（65），即一套個人氣浮裝置（PFD）。如果你穿了救生衣，即使不會游泳，也可以航海。其實，最壞的情況就是你被水打濕。在本課程中，我們會培訓(xùn)相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
Safety first! 安全第一！
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The sun is strong at sea, use a sun hat and SPF30 or a sunscreen lotion 海上的陽光是很強(qiáng)烈的，因此，準(zhǔn)備一頂遮陽帽和 SPF30 防曬霜或防曬乳液是非常必要的。
The normal position on board is to sit down, this way you avoid to get in the way of the boom (28) 通常，在船上的正確姿勢是坐著，以此避免被橫梁碰著。
If you fall in the water remember that all CE mark crafts have a safety latter in the stern (1)
一旦你落水了， 記住所有CE認(rèn)證的船只在船尾都有安全舷梯。
Safety first! 安全第一！
OBS, powerboats have a dangerous propeller in the stern
請注意，機(jī)動船船尾的螺旋槳非常危險。
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Always carry a communication device to be able to call for help. A mobile in a water tight enclosure is fine.
務(wù)必隨身攜帶一款通訊設(shè)備以用來尋求救援。將手機(jī)置于防水套中是必要的。
Learn the local number to get help, here it is; ????? 
了解當(dāng)?shù)氐募本入娫�，號碼為
At sea should always one person be  appointed as responsible on the boat
在海上，應(yīng)該確保船上始終有一個人對船只負(fù)責(zé)。
Safety first! 安全第一
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Water tight enclosure防水外殼
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In order to communicate easily and safely at sea we have our own terminology. The number on the previous pages refers to the list of words in your documentation you need to know  as a sailor.  At the end of the course you will know them all.
在海上，為了便捷且安全地進(jìn)行交流，我們需要有自己的海上術(shù)語。作為水手，你需要知道前幾頁的數(shù)字對應(yīng)的是文件里列表中的某些單詞。在課程結(jié)束的時候，你將了解所有這些術(shù)語。
Terminology at sea.海上術(shù)語
Port 左舷(11)
Stern 船尾(1)
Starboard右舷 (249)
Bow 船頭(75)
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More basic words 更多基本詞匯
Terminology at sea. 海上術(shù)語
Mast (163) 桅桿
橫梁Boom (28)
舵柄Tiller (185)
Mainsail (242
) 主帆
船舵Rudder (181)
龍骨Keel (140)
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Pushing the tiller to port (left) will swing the rudder to starboard (right)  causing the boat turning to starboard.
把舵柄推向左邊，則船舵會轉(zhuǎn)向右邊，這樣船就 向右邊行駛了。
How do I steer? 如何掌舵？
Remember that the rudder stops working at high angels, it will just act as a brake.
記住船舵在大迎角時會停止工作，就相當(dāng)于剎車。
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Find the following items on the picture
在圖中找出下列術(shù)語
Main sheet
         主帆腳索
Winch
         絞盤
Safety ladder
         救生梯
 
 
 
 
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Mast
    桅桿
Boom
         橫梁
Tiller
         舵柄
Mainsail
         主帆
 
 
 
 
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Get familiarized with the Daytripper at the jetty, point out the different part,s the name and their usage
在碼頭上熟悉Daytripper, 指出各個部位的稱及其用途。
The instructor takes the boat to a buoy and make fast
教練駕船航行到一個浮標(biāo)處，并將其牢牢拴在浮標(biāo)上。
Getting familiarized with water, jump in the water from the side, go to the back and climb onboard using the rescue ladder in the back. Students could wear swimsuits
熟悉水域情況，從船舷跳入水中，游至船尾，然后從后邊的救生梯爬回船上。學(xué)員可以穿泳衣。
Remember no PANIC, the PFD and the water will carry you
記住不要恐慌，救生器材和水會使你一直漂浮在水上。
All students must do this 所有學(xué)員都必須參與此訓(xùn)練。
Return to dock. 返回碼頭
 
Practical training number 1.實習(xí)訓(xùn)練1
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Starting to sail
開始航行
Sailing broad reach and learn
 to tack
側(cè)順風(fēng)行駛，以學(xué)習(xí)搶風(fēng)航行。
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A sailing boat is driven by the wind, the sail works like the wing on a airplane driving the boat forward. 帆船是靠風(fēng)驅(qū)動的，帆就像飛機(jī)的機(jī)翼推動船前進(jìn)。
But we can´t sail straight into the wind, the different wind angels will require different ways of sailing, Points of Sail但是我們不能直迎風(fēng)航行，不同的風(fēng)角需要不同的航行方式，即航角。
 
Point of sail training session 2 航角訓(xùn)練2
You can turn the boat directly into the wind or “In Irons”:  Since a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind, this is usually done to stop the boat.  In this position the wind cannot power the sails.  A sailboat cannot sail directly into the true-wind.  Most boats can only sail 40 degrees to the wind but some boats can sail as close as 30 degrees. 你可以駕駛船直沖風(fēng)而去或使其不能轉(zhuǎn)變帆的吃風(fēng)方向：因為帆船在直迎風(fēng)情況下無法航行，這樣做會使船停在水中。船在這個位置，風(fēng)無法驅(qū)動船帆。因此，帆船在迎風(fēng)時無法航行。多數(shù)船只能在40度頂風(fēng)的角度航行，也有一些可以在接近30度的角度行駛。
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Wind 風(fēng)
Practical training number 2.實習(xí)訓(xùn)練2
Tack 搶風(fēng)航行
Tack搶風(fēng)航行
Each student should sail beam reaching in a figure eight between two buoys, tack around the buoys learning commands and maneuvers to tack. When sailing beam reach praxis to trim the main.
每個學(xué)生應(yīng)該練習(xí)橫風(fēng)呈8字在兩浮標(biāo)之間航行。 搶風(fēng)繞標(biāo)時要學(xué)會命令和演習(xí)。當(dāng)橫風(fēng)行駛時，練習(xí)調(diào)整主帆。
 
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Sailing on a Reach refers to sailing at an angle with the wind, in Beam Reaching = 90 degrees. 
橫風(fēng)行駛是指風(fēng)呈橫向角度，即90度推動船航行。
To trim the mainsail on a reach let the sail out until it luffs (the leech starts flapping) then pull it in (or trim the sail) until the sail is steady. 在橫風(fēng)調(diào)帆時要把帆放出去直到船頭迎風(fēng)行駛（前緣下角開始擺動），然后拉進(jìn)來（或調(diào)帆）直到帆穩(wěn)定為止。
Beam reaching = sailing with the wind from the side.
橫風(fēng)行駛=風(fēng)從側(cè)邊推動帆航行
90
When sailing trim the mainsail in and out and note the change in speed. 當(dāng)在航行中放出和拉進(jìn)主帆時，注意航行速度的變化。
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To tack means to steer the boat right into the wind and continue to steer until the mainsail can catch the wind from the other side.  逆風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向意思是轉(zhuǎn)舵到使船迎風(fēng)航行，然后繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)舵直到主帆的另一側(cè)鼓滿風(fēng)。
To tack 逆風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
Commands指令:
Helmsman舵手; ”Ready About”準(zhǔn)備轉(zhuǎn)向
Crew readies the sail船員調(diào)整帆
Crew; ”Ready”準(zhǔn)備完畢
Helmsman舵手; ”Hard-a-lee”
He pushes the tiller to leeward and the boat is turned through the wind 他推動舵柄到順風(fēng)向，船就會隨風(fēng)航行。
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Release the halyard.
解開升降索
To hoist the main 升主帆
Make sure halyard
is not twisted.
確保升降索沒有纏繞在一起
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Attach the halyard to
the head ring.
把升降索連接在頂頭的環(huán)上
 
To hoist the main 升主帆
Attach the ’Harken Head Board Quick Sprint’.
連接“帆船前板快速滑軌”
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Hoist the sail up half
meter.
把帆升上去半米
To hoist the main 升主帆
Connect Batten 2 with ’easy sprint’ or
Tape
將壓條2與“簡易夾”或帶子連接起來
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Close the rope clutch and start to rise the main using the halyard. Make sure that the main doesn't get tangle up with the lazy jacks
Also learn how the winch operates
合上夾繩器，用升降索升主帆，確保主帆不要與攬帆索纏繞在一起。
同時學(xué)習(xí)如何操作絞盤。
 
To hoist the main 升主帆
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At the end of the practice the students should sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail. This will probably take a number of tries. Each student must learn to do this.
在實訓(xùn)結(jié)束時，學(xué)生們需要駕船航行到浮標(biāo)處，停下，將船牢牢系在浮標(biāo)上，然后快速降帆。要做到這些，可能需要很多次的嘗試。每個學(xué)員都要學(xué)會這些技能。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Teach how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用發(fā)動機(jī)將船駛回碼頭，讓學(xué)員嘗試練習(xí)泊船靠岸，教他們?nèi)绾伟踩�地將船�？堪哆叀?br />  
 
End Practical training number 2. 實習(xí)訓(xùn)練結(jié)束2
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All sailors must know basic knot tying
所有的水手必須知道基本的打繩結(jié)的方法。A Bowline is the knot to use when securing the boat to the buoy
單套結(jié)是把船安全固定在浮標(biāo)上的一種結(jié)
 
 
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SAILING LESSON THREE
航海課程第三節(jié)
Sailing broad reach and learn to jibe 側(cè)順風(fēng)航行并學(xué)習(xí)轉(zhuǎn)帆
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The second type of turn is called to Jibe. In this maneuver the stern is turned through the wind.
第二種類型的轉(zhuǎn)向稱為轉(zhuǎn)帆。這個動作是讓船尾轉(zhuǎn)到迎風(fēng)向。
Each student should sail beam reaching between the buoys as in the previous session, but jibe around learning commands and maneuvers to jibe. When sailing beam reach continue to praxis trimming the main.
此時，應(yīng)像上節(jié)課一樣，所有學(xué)員要在浮標(biāo)之間橫風(fēng)航行。但轉(zhuǎn)帆需要學(xué)習(xí)的是轉(zhuǎn)帆的指令和演習(xí)。在橫風(fēng)航行時應(yīng)繼續(xù)練習(xí)調(diào)主帆。
 
Point of sail training session 3
航角培訓(xùn)3
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Wind 風(fēng)
Practical training number 3. To Jibe 實訓(xùn)3：順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
Jibe
順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
Jibe
順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
WARNING警告; If a Jibe is not performed correctly, the boom may swing forcefully across the boat, creating a potential danger to the crew and the rigging 如果順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向操作不正確，橫梁可能會非常用力地甩過船，這就可能會為船員和船上的裝備帶來潛在的傷害。
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To jibe means to steer the boat right from the wind and continue to steer until the mainsail can catch the wind from the other side.  順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向意味著從風(fēng)的方向轉(zhuǎn)舵然后繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)舵，直到主帆從另一邊迎上風(fēng)。
To Jibe, this is more dangerous than tacking
順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向，比迎風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向更危險
Commands 指令:
Helmsman舵手; ”Ready to Jibe”準(zhǔn)備轉(zhuǎn)向
Crew readies the sail and begin to center the mainsail as the helmsman steers close to having the wind on the stern 船員準(zhǔn)備好帆，并在舵手將船調(diào)整到船尾接近迎風(fēng)位置時，把主帆放置于中間。
Crew; ”Ready” 船員： 準(zhǔn)備完畢
Helmsman; ”Jibing” 舵手：轉(zhuǎn)向He pushes the tiller to complete the turn and the boat is turned with the stern through the wind .The crew ease out the mainsail on the new bow.舵手推舵完成轉(zhuǎn)向，船尾至迎風(fēng)位置時，船員放開主帆，使其重新朝向船頭。
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At the end of the practice the students should sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail. This will probably take a number af tries. Each student must learn to do this.
在實訓(xùn)結(jié)束時，學(xué)生們需要駕船航行到浮標(biāo)處，停下，將船牢牢系在浮標(biāo)上，然后快速降帆。要做到這些，可能需要很多次的嘗試。每個學(xué)員都要學(xué)會這些技能。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用發(fā)動機(jī)將船駛回碼頭，讓學(xué)員嘗試練習(xí)泊船靠岸，重復(fù)教授如何安全地將船�？堪哆�。
 
 
End Practical training number 3.結(jié)束實訓(xùn)3
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The student folds the sail using lashing and a square knot.  Then putting on the sail cover.
學(xué)員把帆折疊起來，用綁繩打平結(jié)將其捆扎牢固，然后套上帆罩。
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SAILING LESSON FOUR
航海課程第4節(jié)
Sailing against the wind, (beating) and down wind, (Run).逆風(fēng)（頂風(fēng)）和順風(fēng)（正常）航行。
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The bouys form now a leeward windward course.
浮標(biāo)形成了一個從順風(fēng)到逆風(fēng)的過程。
Each student should beat up to the windward mark and to sail down the leeward mark using jibes around 120 degrees apparent wind to avoid uncontrolled jibes.
每個學(xué)員應(yīng)該迎風(fēng)航行到迎風(fēng)標(biāo)志，然后利用視風(fēng)順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向120度以避免不可控的順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向，然后再順風(fēng)航行到順風(fēng)標(biāo)志。
 
 
Point of sail training session 4
航角培訓(xùn)課程4
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Wind風(fēng)
Practical training number 4. Beat and Running
實訓(xùn)4 逆風(fēng)與順風(fēng)行駛
Tack迎風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
Jibe順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
Focus on reading the wind and trimming the main
重點在于學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)和調(diào)帆的相關(guān)知識。
Run 順風(fēng)航行
Beat 迎風(fēng)行駛
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When beating the sailboat is trying to sail into the wind.  It is a contest between the boat and the wind and the boat tries to beat the wind.  That’s why it is called beating.
帆船迎風(fēng)行駛就是將船駛?cè)腼L(fēng)中，此時船和風(fēng)處于一個比賽的狀態(tài)，船試圖打敗風(fēng)，這就是為什么稱為迎風(fēng)的原因。
Theoretically the boat can sail approximately 45 degrees to  the wind, if you steer closer to the wind the boat will slow down and eventually stop.
理論上，船應(yīng)在大約45度風(fēng)角下行駛。如果將船調(diào)整到風(fēng)角更小的位置，那么船就會減速直到最終停止。
Beating = sailing against the wind.迎風(fēng)行駛=頂風(fēng)航行
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Therefore you will have to shift from side to side (Tacking) in a zig zag pattern when sailing into the wind. You have already trained to “Tack” around a mark.
因此，迎風(fēng)航行時，必須走Z字形路線從一邊到另一邊（迎風(fēng)）行駛。這樣我們就學(xué)會了如何迎風(fēng)繞標(biāo)行駛。
 
 
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How do we know the direction of the wind?
如何知道風(fēng)向？
Is the wind direction constant?
風(fēng)向不會變嗎？
How should you shift the mainsail?
應(yīng)該如何調(diào)整主帆？
 If the sailboat heels too much from a strong gust of wind, the boat can go slightly into the no-go zone, (the leech of the mainsail starts flapping) reducing heel and changing the course a little closer to the desired destination.  This is called feathering.  As the wind dies the boat bears away ( turns away from the wind ) and resumes sailing in a close hauled point of sail.  Sailing efficiently close hauled is also called sailing in the groove.
如果帆船由于一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)傾斜太大，那么船就略略進(jìn)入死區(qū)，（帆尾開始擺動）以降低傾斜程度并改變航線使之更接近預(yù)定目標(biāo)。這就是所謂的順槳。一旦風(fēng)不起作用了，說明船已經(jīng)改變了航道（繞開風(fēng)）并以迎風(fēng)航角恢復(fù)航行。有效的迎風(fēng)航行也稱為最佳狀態(tài)航行。
This requires a lot of training and focus from the helmsman.這需要大量訓(xùn)練，以及舵手的高度集中的注意力。
Beating = sailing against the wind. 迎風(fēng)=逆風(fēng)行駛
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Sailing on a Run refers to sailing with the wind directly behind the boat and the sails let out almost 90 degrees.  In a run, the wind should be perpendicular to the sail.  A steady course must be taken to keep each sail full of wind and to prevent an accidental jibe (the mainsail swinging quickly from one side of the boat to the other).  This is very dangerous and must be avoided.  The safe way is to sail with an angel from the wind make a controlled Jibe and continue with the wind from the other side
順風(fēng)航行是指航行時，風(fēng)從船的正后方吹來，風(fēng)和帆幾乎呈90度角。在航行中，風(fēng)和帆是垂直的。此時，必須穩(wěn)定航向以保持帆張滿風(fēng)，預(yù)防意外的順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向的出現(xiàn)（主帆迅速從船的一側(cè)擺動到另一側(cè)）。這是非常危險的，必須竭力避免。 安全的航行方式是在一定的風(fēng)角方向上行駛，可以做可控的順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向，使帆的另一側(cè)為順風(fēng)，繼續(xù)航行。
Run = sailing following the wind.正常行駛=順風(fēng)航行
Jibe
順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向
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How do we know the direction of the wind?
如何了解風(fēng)向？
Is the wind direction constant?
風(fēng)向穩(wěn)定嗎？
How should you sheet the mainsail?
如何調(diào)帆？
 Heeling is minimal when sailing on a run and the apparent wind is less than the true wind.  The sails are not trimmed since the wind pushes the sails similar to a parachute.  In a run the wind should be perpendicular to the sail.
當(dāng)順風(fēng)行駛并且相對風(fēng)小于實際風(fēng)時，傾斜最小。帆無需調(diào)整，因為它如同降落傘一樣是由風(fēng)驅(qū)動的。順風(fēng)行駛中的風(fēng)應(yīng)該和帆是垂直的。
 
This requires a lot of training and focus from the helmsman most important avoid uncontrolled Jibes.
這需要大量的訓(xùn)練和舵手精力的高度集中。最重要的是應(yīng)竭力避免不可控的順風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)向。
Run = sailing following the wind 正常行駛=順風(fēng)航行
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At the end of the practice the students should sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail. This will probably take a number af tries. Each student must learn to do this.
在實訓(xùn)結(jié)束時，學(xué)生們需要駕船航行到浮標(biāo)處，停下，將船牢牢系在浮標(biāo)上，然后快速降帆。要做到這些，可能需要很多次的嘗試。每個學(xué)員都要學(xué)會這些技能。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. A crew member should have a fender to prevent inadvertent collision. Never place your arms or legs between the boat and the docking platform, it is better to let the boat hit.
利用發(fā)動機(jī)將船駛回碼頭，讓學(xué)員嘗試練習(xí)泊船靠岸�？捎梢幻�船員用碰墊來防止意外碰撞的發(fā)生。切勿將胳膊或腿置于船體與港口登陸平臺間，讓船直接靠岸是更好的選擇。
End Practical training number 4.結(jié)束實訓(xùn)4
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SAILING LESSON FIVE
航海課程第5節(jié)
Basic Navigation基礎(chǔ)導(dǎo)航知識
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Until now you have used bouys to know where to steer the boat. At the sea there are no roads to follow, we use Maritime Navigation Charts
目前，我們已經(jīng)知道如何用浮標(biāo)來引導(dǎo)船航行的方向了。但在海上，是沒有道路指引的，我們需要使用航海圖。
Maritime navigation charts are essential to navigating at sea. They are available in folios that cover most popular sailing areas, these maritime navigation charts also include harbor plans and information.
在海上，航海圖是必不可少的。航海圖通常是一頁對開的紙，涵蓋了大多數(shù)知名的航區(qū)。這類航海圖同時包括了港口規(guī)劃和信息。
Look at the cart covering your area, locate any dangers.
查看航海圖所示的你所在的區(qū)域，標(biāo)出所有的危險地區(qū)。
Look up the items in the Navigation dictionary
可通過航海詞典查閱所有項目。
 
How to find the way at sea? 如何在海上尋找航線？
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A variety of nautical navigation terms are used in recording information on a nautical map such as bearings, headings, and other important map navigation data. There is universal recognition of these nautical navigation terms, which helps in eliminating the risk of misunderstanding. A knowledge and understanding of these nautical navigation terms are needed to perform maritime navigation successfully.
航海圖上通常用很多航海學(xué)術(shù)語來記錄信息，如方位、前行目標(biāo)和其他重要的地圖導(dǎo)航數(shù)據(jù)等。對這些術(shù)語有個常識性的了解，將有助于消除誤解的風(fēng)險。了解和掌握這些航海學(xué)術(shù)語是成功進(jìn)行海上航行的必要條件。
 
 
Nautical Navigation Terms 航海學(xué)術(shù)語
·  °T =Degrees true Suffix attached to a direction measured relative to true north, e.g, 095°T
°T 是描述與真北方向相對位置的度數(shù)的真后綴，如095°T。
·  °M = Degrees magnetic Suffix attached to a direction measured relative to magnetic north, e.g, 135°M.
°M是描述與磁北方向相對位置的度數(shù)的真后綴，如135°M。
·  °C = Degrees compass Suffix attached to a direction measured by the compass and not converted to °T or °M, e.g, 110°C.
°C指的是用指南針測得的而不是由°T 或 °M轉(zhuǎn)換來的度數(shù)的指南針數(shù)據(jù)后綴，如110°C。
·  M = Nautical mile A nautical mile is equal to one degree of latitude standardized at 1852m（6076ft) and divided into 10 cables (ca) and each cable is 185m (200yd).
M=海里。一海里等于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一緯度，即1852米（6076英尺）。將其分成10段，則每段為185米（200碼）。
·  Kn = Knot The unit of speed used at sea. One knot is one nautical mile per hour.
Kn=節(jié)。這是在海上測速度的一個單位。一節(jié)等于一海里每小時。
·  m = Metre The standard metre is used to display depth and height on navigation charts. Metres are divided into decimetres.
m=米。在航海圖中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位米一般用來描述深度和高度。米可以被換算成分米。
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Defining a direction is relative to north but "north" can have three interpretations. True north (°T) is the direction of the geographic North Pole, being the alignment of the longitude lines on a chart. Magnetic north (°M) is the direction of the magnetic North Pole and is not the exact place as the geographic North Pole. The divergence between magnetic and true north is known as variation, altering slightly each year with the movement of the magnetic North Pole. Compass north (°C) is the direction in which the compass points and will point to magnetic north if there is no local magnetic interference. Maritime navigation requires converting between [ true, magnetic, and compass north ] .
 
定義一個方向是與北方相對而言的，但“北”這個方向就有三種解釋。真北（°T）是地理北極的方向，與海圖上的經(jīng)線對齊。磁北（°M）是磁北極的方向，其與地理北極并不完全吻合。磁北與真北之間的分歧被稱為變異，并隨著磁北極的移動而每年略有變化。 羅盤北（℃）是羅盤指的方向，如果不存在本地磁場干擾，會指向磁北。航海需要在[真北，磁北和羅盤北]之間不停轉(zhuǎn)換。
 
North 北
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The nautical mile is the unit of distance used at sea and defined as [ one minute (1') of latitude ] . Because the earth is not a perfect sphere, the actual length of a nautical mile varies. It is longer at the poles and shorter at the equator but standardized to 1 852 m or 6076 ft. At sea, the unit of speed is the knot and defined as one nautical mile per hour.
海里是海上使用的一個距離單位，其定義為【一分鐘（1‘）所跨越的緯度]。因為地球并不是一個完美的球體，所以一海里的實際長度各不相同，在兩極略長，赤道地區(qū)稍短，但通常以1852米或6076英尺為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在海上，速度的單位是節(jié)，其定義為每小時行使一海里。
 
 
Distance and Speed at sea? 海上的距離和速度
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Depth and height at sea is measured in metres. Depth as shown on a nautical map is relative to a fixed datum and is usually the Lowest Astronomical Tide or [ LAT ] being the lowest water level ever expected. The water depth is higher than shown because of the height of tide. The datum from which heights are measured depends on the type of object measured.
海上的深度 和高度是用米來測量的。航海圖上的深度是相對固定的基準(zhǔn)面而言的，通常，該基準(zhǔn)面為最低天文潮位，換句話說，最低天文潮位通常被視為最低水位。由于潮位的原因，水深通常要比所示的潮位高些。所測得的高于基準(zhǔn)面的高度取決于所測目標(biāo)的類型。
 
Depth and height at sea 海上的深度和高度
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When coastal sailing, it easier to give a position by referring to a fixed sea or landmark using direction and distance than using latitude and longitude. Direction is measured clockwise as an angle relative to north. Describing the direction of an object in relation to the [ boat's position ] , or between two objects, is done by taking a bearing the direction in which the boat is sailing, and known as a heading.
沿海航行時，在海中找一個固定物或標(biāo)志性建筑作為方向和距離的參照比使用經(jīng)緯線定義自己的位置更容易。方向是以北為基準(zhǔn)順時針呈現(xiàn)的角度來定義的。描述某目標(biāo)物在【船所在位置】的相對方向時，或兩個目標(biāo)物間的相對方向時，通常是以船行使的方向，即前進(jìn)方向為方位。
Finding your position at sea 找到你在海上的位置
Don't worry  you learn more about this in the next level of training
放心，在下一級的培訓(xùn)中你會學(xué)到更多關(guān)于該方面的內(nèi)容。
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Familiarize the students with the local paper chart, point out potential dangers.
Show how to get information about the local tide
Find local navigation plotters or apps for smart phones
Demonstrate their usage
Each boat must have paper charts over the local area
Get out on the water using charts and the device for navigation
Praxis traditional methods such as leading lines to verify a given position.
When sailing try to sail all point of sail and learn how to trim the main for optimal speed.
使學(xué)生熟悉當(dāng)?shù)氐募堎|(zhì)海圖，指出潛在的危險。
示范如何獲得當(dāng)?shù)氐某毕�信�?br /> 找出本地的航跡標(biāo)繪儀或為智能手機(jī)安裝相關(guān)應(yīng)用程序
演示它們的用法
每艘船必須配備當(dāng)?shù)氐募堎|(zhì)海圖
開始航海后，使用海圖和設(shè)備在海面上導(dǎo)航
練習(xí)使用傳統(tǒng)的方法，如導(dǎo)航線來核實一個指定位置。
在航海時，嘗試所有航角行使，并學(xué)習(xí)如何調(diào)帆以獲得最佳速度。
 
Practical training 實訓(xùn)
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By now all the students should be able to sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail.
截止到現(xiàn)在所有學(xué)生都應(yīng)該能夠完成航向到浮標(biāo)，停下，將船牢牢系在浮標(biāo)上，然后降帆等任務(wù)了。
The teacher have to approve that all students do manage this
教練必須使所有學(xué)生都能夠做到這些。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock. 利用馬達(dá)返回碼頭，并使學(xué)生嘗試練習(xí)泊船靠岸。重復(fù)教授如何讓船安全靠港的方法。
End Practical training number 5.結(jié)束實訓(xùn)5
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SAILING LESSON SIX
航海課程第6節(jié)
“Rules of the road” “海上航道規(guī)則”
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You must always avoid a collision, right to way does not mean a right to run into other boats
必須竭力避免碰撞，有航行的權(quán)利并不意味著可以任意沖撞其他船只。
Pleasure boats give way to commercial boats
游艇應(yīng)主動給商業(yè)船只讓路。
Powerboats give way to sailing boats
機(jī)動船應(yīng)主動給帆船讓路。
Overtaking boats give way to the boat overtaken 超船的要給被超的船只讓路。
If the observed angel to another boat are constant you are on collision a course 如果從觀測角度看到另一艘船是不動的，那么你的船無疑會很快撞上對方。
Alternatives is you are on a collision course:或者你正行使在碰撞航線上
Slow down減速
Steer to starboard向右舷轉(zhuǎn)向
Rules of the road 海上航道規(guī)則
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When two sailboats approaches each other, the one on a port tack, (the boom over the starboard side of the boat) will give way to the boat on a starboard tack (the boom over the port side of the boat)
當(dāng)兩艘帆船相互靠近對方時，左舷（橫梁在右舷的船）受風(fēng)的船應(yīng)該讓路給右舷（橫梁在左舷的船）受風(fēng)的船。
If the two boats are on the same tack, the windward boat must give way to the leeward boat. 如果兩艘船同舷受風(fēng)，則逆風(fēng)船應(yīng)讓路給順風(fēng)船。
Rules of the road 海上航道規(guī)則
The port tack boat either tack to give way or bear off and pass aft of the other boat 左舷受風(fēng)船，要么轉(zhuǎn)向或駛離讓路，要么在其船尾跟隨對方船只航行。
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At least two boats sailing the windward – leeward course close to each other. Learning the right of way rules practically. 至少安排兩艘船做迎風(fēng)-背風(fēng)航行中的彼此靠近，以此來實踐優(yōu)先通行權(quán)規(guī)則。
Each student must learn this to a level where it is more or less automatic.
所有學(xué)員都應(yīng)達(dá)到能下意識按規(guī)則為人讓路的水平。
During the exercise continue to work on sail trimming and to steer an optimal course.
練習(xí)時，調(diào)帆和通過把舵轉(zhuǎn)入最佳航線仍是訓(xùn)練的重要內(nèi)容。
Practical training 實訓(xùn)
The port tack boat either tack to give way or bear off and pass aft of the other boat左舷受風(fēng)船，要么轉(zhuǎn)向或駛離讓路，要么在其船尾跟隨對方船只航行。
 
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By now all the students should be able to sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail.
截止到現(xiàn)在所有學(xué)生都應(yīng)該能夠完成航向到浮標(biāo)，停下，將船牢牢系在浮標(biāo)上，然后降帆等任務(wù)了。
The teacher have to approve that all students do manage this.教練必須使所有學(xué)生都通過做到這些。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用馬達(dá)返回碼頭，并使學(xué)生嘗試練習(xí)泊船靠岸。重復(fù)教授如何讓船安全靠港的方法。
End Practical training number 6.結(jié)束實訓(xùn)6
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SAILING LESSON SEVEN
航海課程第7節(jié)


Reading the weather 看天氣
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Always check the weather forecast by;  要時刻通過以下方式查看天氣預(yù)報：
Radio 無線電
Smart phone 智能手機(jī)
The web 網(wǎng)站
 
Find reliable local  weather forecast sources and teach the students how to use them.找出可靠的當(dāng)?shù)靥鞖忸A(yù)報來源，并教導(dǎo)學(xué)員們?nèi)绾问褂眠@些資源。
Identify local rain clouds and the wind behavior  in a rain cloud.
確定當(dāng)?shù)亟涤暝坪桶殡S降雨云的風(fēng)的情況。
Identify thunder clouds and tell the students to sail away from them
確定雷暴云并告知學(xué)員遠(yuǎn)離它們。
Understanding the weather takes time
了解天氣需要時間
Don't worry a you learn more about this in the next level of training
放心，在下一級別的培訓(xùn)中你會學(xué)到更多關(guān)于該方面的內(nèi)容。
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As a Sailor your concern about weather is mainly about wind, the wind is created of heat from the sun will create spots of higher and lower pressure in the atmosphere.  作為水手，你所應(yīng)該關(guān)心的天氣形式主要是風(fēng)。風(fēng)是由太陽的熱量產(chǎn)生的，它同時形成了大氣中各個高低壓的點
The sun shines on the earth’s surface and doing so heats it resulting in the air above it heating up, expanding and then rising. The rising warmed air creates a partial vacuum (an area of low pressure) and as it rises, surrounding higher-pressure air flows in this creates the wind.
太陽照耀地球表面，這樣就導(dǎo)致上面的空氣被加熱了，這些空氣不斷擴(kuò)散并上升。上升的熱空氣創(chuàng)造了部分的真空（低壓區(qū)）。隨著它的上升，周圍的高壓空氣會不斷流入，風(fēng)就形成了。
Understanding the weather.了解天氣
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The strengths of the wind is proportional to the difference of air pressure.
風(fēng)的強(qiáng)度是與氣壓差成正比的。
On weather maps the difference in air pressure is shown as Isobars, the closer they are,  the more wind.
在天氣圖上，氣壓差顯示為等壓線，等壓線間的距離越小，風(fēng)的強(qiáng)度越大。
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In this course we learn to sail in Beaufort 1 to 3
在本課程中，我們要學(xué)習(xí)的是在蒲福風(fēng)力等級1-3級風(fēng)中航行。
Understanding the Weather, wind speed.
了解天氣，風(fēng)速
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As the air rises it cools and when it reaches its dew point, clouds form. There are three main cloud layers:
隨著空氣不斷上升，其溫度也不斷降低。當(dāng)空氣溫度降到露點時就形成了云。三個主要云層：
High cloud is usually above 6,000m (20,000ft) Cirrocumulus, Cirrostratus and Cirrus;高云通常是6000米（20,000英尺）以上的卷積云、卷層云和卷云；
Medium-level clouds are at 2,100-6,000m (7,000-20,000ft) Cumulonimbus, Altostratus, Altocumulus ;
中云是在2,100-6,000米（7,000-20,000英尺）的積雨云，高層云和高積云;
Low cloud lies up to about 2,100m (7,000ft) Stratus, Nimbostratus, Stratocumulus and Cumulus
低云位于約2,100米（7,000英尺）的空中，包括層云，雨層云，層積云和積云。
 
Understanding the weather, cloud types 了解天氣和云型
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Clouds are indicators of approaching weather systems and are classified into cloud types according to their shape colour and height. Cumulus or cumulu- are rounded, billowy clouds; Stratus or Strato- are layered clouds; Nimbu or Nimbo- are rain clouds; and Cirrus or Cirro- are ice crystal clouds. Alto- means high.
云是了解天氣系統(tǒng)的指標(biāo)。根據(jù)其形狀、顏色和高度，云可以分成很多種類。積云是圓形的巨浪狀云彩；層云是層狀的云彩；雨云是含雨水的云彩；卷云是冰晶狀的云彩。Alto-的意思是高的。
Clouds tell the skilled observer what is occurring with the weather and what is to be expected as each family of clouds is created by particular condition of temperature, humidity and height.
經(jīng)驗豐富的觀測者能通過云了解即將出現(xiàn)的天氣類型，也能通過特定的溫濕度和云高度形成的云族了解接下來的天氣情況
Three main ways in which clouds form: 云形成的三種主要方式：   
- Air is heated by radiation from a warmer area of land or sea and rises through convection currents; 被較熱的陸地或海洋地區(qū)的輻射加熱的空氣上升穿過對流層；
        - Air is forced to rise when it meets obstacles such as  mountains; or 空氣遇到阻擋物如山等被迫上升；或
      - Air rises over a mass of colder, denser air.空氣上升穿過大團(tuán)較冷、密度較大的空氣層。
Understanding the Weather, Cloud Types了解天氣和云型
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Get out on the water and sail observing the weather.
在海上航行的同時觀察天氣
Look for clouds forming and try to judge what that mean.
觀察云的形成并試著據(jù)此推斷接下來的天氣。
When sailing try to sail all point of sail and learn how to trim the main for optimal speed.
航行時，嘗試各種航角行使，并學(xué)習(xí)如何調(diào)整主帆來獲取最佳速度
Pay attention to navigation as you now don´t have fixed marks to sail around.
利用好航海圖，因為現(xiàn)在你已經(jīng)沒有固定的做導(dǎo)航了。
 
Practical training 實訓(xùn)
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By now all the students should be able to sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail.
截止到現(xiàn)在所有學(xué)生都應(yīng)該能夠完成航向到浮標(biāo)，停下，將船牢牢系在浮標(biāo)上，然后降帆等任務(wù)了。
The teacher have to approve that all students do manage this
教練必須讓所有的學(xué)生做到這些。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用馬達(dá)返回碼頭，并使學(xué)生嘗試練習(xí)泊船靠岸。重復(fù)教授如何讓船安全靠港的方法。
End Practical training number 7.結(jié)束實訓(xùn)7
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SAILING LESSON EIGHT
航海課程第8節(jié)
MOB, Man Over Board 有人落水
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One of the most dangerous situations is when a crew member falls overboard. Drowning and hypothermia can be life threatening. You should always have a well practiced plan for retrieval.最危險的情況之一是有船員落水，溺水和低體溫癥均可危及生命。我們應(yīng)該時刻準(zhǔn)備一套完備的救援計劃。
Immediately throw a flotation device to the person who falls overboard and one or two crew members should serve as spotters, keeping their eyes on the person all time. 立即拋出一個漂浮器具給落水人，指定一到兩名船員做監(jiān)視員，時刻緊盯著落水人。
 
Man Over Board有人落水
To the right is an illustration of a figure 8 method of rescue. 右圖所示的是8字形路線救援方法。
Note that you have to get the boat to a complete stop (into the wind) at PIW (Person In Water)注意必須讓船在落水人旁（逆風(fēng)）完全停止。
The PIW shall use the rescue ladder in the back to get onboard with the help of others.落水人應(yīng)該利用船尾的 救生梯，在其他人的幫助下爬上船。
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Praxis the figure 8 rescue method, the instructor throws a pillow or similar in the water at random and the students should retrieve it back on board.練習(xí)8字形路線救援方式，教練可任意把一個枕頭或類似物拋入水中，學(xué)員應(yīng)設(shè)法將其救回船上。
        
Discuss and try other methods for fast recovery
討論并嘗試其他快速救援的方法。
 
Man Over Board exercise
落水救援練習(xí)
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Time for examination
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Test to qualify for the Blue Card. 藍(lán)卡資格測試
Theoretical test; sailing terms, different points of sail, safety.
理論測試；駛帆術(shù)語；不同航角，安全性
Having jumped into the sea and back on board
跳入水中再回到船上
Having completed one MOB
進(jìn)行一個完整的落水救援實踐。
Demonstrated the ability to sail all points of sail, stop at a bouy under sail and to more up to the dock under engine.
演示以所有航角行駛、到一處浮標(biāo)停下直到用馬達(dá)返回碼頭等整個航行過程的能力。
Examination 測試

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